Soil enzyme activities during the 2011 Texas record drought/heat wave and implications to biogeochemical cycling and organic matter dynamics

Extreme droughts and heat waves due to climate change may have permanent consequences on soil quality and functioning in agroecosystems. During November 2010 to August 2011, the Southern High Plains (SHP) region of Texas, U.S., a large cotton producing area, received only 39.6 mm of precipitation (vs. the historical avg. of 373 mm) and experienced the hottest summer since record keeping began in 1911. Several enzyme activities (EAs) important in biogeochemical cycling were evaluated in two soils (a loam and a sandy loam at 0–10 cm) with a management history of monoculture (continuous cotton) or rotation (cotton and sorghum or millet). Samplings occurred under the most extreme drought and heat conditions (July 2011), after precipitation resulted in a reduction in a drought severity index (March 2012), and 12 months after the initial sampling (July 2012; loam only). Eight out of ten EAs, were significantly higher in July 2011 compared to March 2012 for some combinations of soil type and management history. Among these eight EAs, enzymes key to C (β-glucosidase, β-glucosaminidase) and P cycling (phosphodiesterase, acid and alkaline phosphatases) were significantly higher (19–79%) in July 2011 than in March 2012 for both management histories regardless of the soil type (P > 0.05). When comparing all sampling times, the activities of alkaline phosphatase, aspartase and urease (rotation only) showed this trend: July 2011 > March 2012 > July 2012. Activities of phosphodiesterase, acid phosphatase, α-galactosidase, β-glucosidase and β-glucosaminidase were higher in July 2011 than July 2012 in at least one of the two management histories. Total C was reduced significantly from July 2011 to March 2012 in the rotation for both soils. Only the activities of arylsulfatase (avg. 36%) and asparaginase showed an increase from July 2011 to March 2012 for both soil types, which may indicate they have a different origin/location than the other enzymes. EAs continued to be a fingerprint of the soil management history (i.e., higher EAs in the rotation than in monoculture) during the drought/heat wave. This study provided some of the first evidence of the adverse effects of a natural, extreme drought and heat wave on soil quality in agroecosystems as indicated by EAs involved in biogeochemical cycling.     

锡林郭勒不同草原类型群落生物量及多样性研究

物种多样性和生物量是表征草地生态系统数量特征的两个重要指标,深入探讨物种多样性和生物量的变化,为草原生态系统的物种保护和生产力维持提供理论依据。本文以锡林郭勒草原为研究对象,利用样方法对草甸草原、典型草原和荒漠草原三种草原类型的植被特征进行调查,分析不同草原类型植被的地上生物量和物种多样性变化及二者与环境因子之间的关联。结果表明：除群落密度在典型草原最大外,各群落特征均表现为草甸草原＞典型草原＞荒漠草原,地上生物量与群落盖度、群落高度、植物密度均呈显著正相关关系(P＜0.05);植物物种多样性和丰富度沿荒漠草原到典型草原再到草甸草原基本呈增加趋势,物种分布均匀度在荒漠草原最高;土壤养分和降水量对植物生长影响较大,降水和海拔对物种多样性和丰富度影响较大,均匀度主要受海拔、土壤pH值和气候的影响。     

Inheritance of resistance to Botrytis cinerea Pers. in Cicer arietinum L.

Summary Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) line ICC 1069 was selected as resistant parent after screening for resistance to grey mould (Botrytis cinerea Pers.) under artificial inoculation conditions. It was crossed with four high yielding susceptible varieties of chickpea. Crosses ICC 1069 × BGM 413 and ICC 1069 × BG 256 showed monogenic dominant resistance in ratio of 3R (resistant): 1S (susceptible). However, in crosses, ICC 1069 × BGM 419 and ICC 1069 × BGM 408, a ratio of 13S (susceptible) : 3R (resistant) was obtained indicating the presence of epistatic interaction. The results pointed towards the presence of a type of major gene resistance to grey mould in chickpea.     

隔膜泵容积效率影响因素的灰色关联分析

分析了ＧＭ－１２０型单缸强制式隔膜泵容积效率的主要影响因素，用灰色关联分析的方法给出了这些影响因素的优势序列，为进一步改善隔膜泵的性能提供了依据。     

超声波法提取黄芩挥发油工艺研究

以黄芩为试验样品,研究超声波法提取黄芩中挥发油的工艺条件。在单因素试验的基础上,采用L（93）3正交试验优化超声提取挥发油的工艺条件。结果表明,影响黄芩挥发油超声提取的主要因素是料液比,其次是超声时间和超声功率,优化工艺条件为：超声时间50 min,料液比1∶20,提取功率70 W。     

黄顶菊蒸腾速率日变化及影响因子的灰色关联度分析

应用TPS-1便携式光合测定仪,对入侵植物黄顶菊叶片的蒸腾速率和影响因子的日变化同步进行了测定,并采用灰色关联度分析的方法研究了黄顶菊叶片蒸腾速率与影响因子的关系.结果表明:黄顶菊蒸腾速率日进程呈“双峰”型,且峰值达1.05 mmol·m-2·s-1.灰色关联度分析表明,气孔导度RS、叶室温度Tl、量子通量密度PFD是影响蒸腾速率的主导因子.     

国槐种子超声波处理效应研究

为了探索超声波处理对国槐种子萌发的影响,利用47、59 KHz超声波对国槐种子进行了超声波处理.结果表明:用59 KHz超声波处理种子10 min效果最好,可以使国槐种子萌发率提高及发芽指数分别提高44.3％;59 KHz超声波处理种子5min后可溶性糖含量比对照值提高32.5％,淀粉含量提高7.96％;处理时间大于25 min,会明显降低种子淀粉含量;超声波处理对种子电导率及可溶性蛋白质含量没有明显的影响.     

3树种抗旱性的灰色关联分析

运用灰色关联分析法,对红柳、侧柏和合头草等3个树种的抗旱性与9项抗旱指标的相关性进行了分析。关联度分析结果表明:叶绿素含量、叶水势、叶片相对含水量以及电导率与3个树种的关联度分别为0.767 4、0.700 5、0.679 3和0.628 7,它们可作为3个树种重要的抗旱评价指标。     

基于多指标区间数关联分析的相对隶属度方法

针对具有区间数的多指标决策问题,借鉴一种逼近于理想点(TOPS IS)分析方法的思想,采用区间数灰色关联度的计算方法,对正、负关联度,利用相对隶属度方法对多方案进行排序,给出了解决区间数多指标决策问题的计算步骤.本文将整个评价方案看作一个整体来寻求正、负理想方案,该方法避免了区间数难以排序的问题,具有可理解性和可操作性.最后给出实例以验证该方法的有效性和实用性.     

原木内部腐朽应力波二维图像的获取与分析

应用Arbotom应力波检测系统,对东北林区3个针叶树种(云杉、冷杉、落叶松)和9个阔叶树种(白桦、色木、椴木、杨木、水曲柳、核桃楸、榆木、铁木和柞木)的原木内部腐朽进行检测,并对原木内部腐朽面积的实际估算值和检测估算值进行比较分析.结果表明:Arbotom应力波无损检测系统可以获取原木内部腐朽的二维图像,但检测准确率较低,建议采用多点测量和改进应力波测试仪器,以提高检测准确率.